Emkhakheni wezibuko zesimanje neze-photonics, ilensi ye-laser iyisici esibalulekile esinquma ukusebenza, ukunemba, nokwethembeka kwezinhlelo eziningi ezisekelwe ku-laser. Ngaphandle kwelensi ye-laser esezingeni eliphezulu, ngisho nomthombo we-laser onamandla kakhulu ungahluleka ukuletha ububanzi obugxilile, obufanayo obufanele imisebenzi efuna kakhulu njengokusika kwezimboni, ukuhlinzwa kwezokwelapha, noma i-spectroscopy yesayensi. Ilensi ye-laser yakhelwe ngokukhethekile ukulawula ukukhanya kwe-laser ngokugxilisa, ukuhlanganisa, noma ukuguqula ububanzi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zohlelo oluqondile, futhi umklamo wayo kufanele ubheke izinto ezifana ne-wavelength, i-power density, kanye nomthwalo wokushisa. Ukubaluleka kokukhetha ilensi ye-laser efanele akukwazi ukugcizelelwa, njengoba kuthinta ngqo ikhwalithi yobubanzi, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, nempumelelo yonke yohlelo lwezibuko. Kulo mhlahlandlela ophelele, sizohlola izinhlobo, izicelo, izinzuzo, izinselele, kanye nezimo zesikhathi esizayo ezihlobene namalensi e-laser, sikunikeze ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi zezilungiselelo zakho zezibuko.

Indima eyisisekelo yelensi ye-laser ukulawula ukusakazwa kokukhanya kwe-laser, kungaba ngokuhlanganisa ububanzi obuhlukene bubude endaweni encane yokugxila yokusika noma ngokudala umugqa ofanayo wezicelo zokuskena kwe-laser. Izinhlelo ezahlukene ze-laser zidinga izimo ezihlukene ze-lens nezinto zayo, futhi ukuqonda okujulile kwalezi zinto ezithile kubalulekile onjiniyela, ochwepheshe bokuthenga, nabahlanganisi bezinhlelo. Ilensi ye-laser ekhethwe kahle ingathuthukisa kakhulu isivinini sokucubungula, yehlise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, futhi yandise impilo yezingxenye ze-optical. Ngokuphambene, ukukhetha ilensi okungalungile kungaholela ekuhlanekelweni kobubanzi, ukwakheka okweqile kokushisa, nokubuyela emuva okubizayo. Njengoba ama-laser eqhubeka nokunika amandla izinto ezintsha ekukhiqizeni, ezempilo, nasekwesopheni lwesayensi, isidingo samalensi e-laser anembayo siyanda kakhulu, okwenza kubalulekile ukuhlala unolwazi mayelana nentuthuko yakamuva kubuchwepheshe be-lens nesayensi yezinto.

Ama-lens e-laser aza ngezinhlobonhlobo zezimo, ngayinye ilungiselelwe imisebenzi ethile yokubumba imisebe kanye nokucushwa kwe-laser. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ama-lens e-plano-convex, anesici esiyisicaba esisodwa nesici esiyindilinga esisodwa, okwenza alungele ukugxilisa imisebe ye-laser e-collimated endaweni encane yokusika, ukushisela, nokumaka izicelo. Ama-lens e-biconvex, anezici zombili ezigoqekile, ahlinzeka ngokugxilisa okulinganayo futhi avame ukusetshenziswa lapho izindawo zento nezithombe zilingana, ahlinzeka ngokulungiswa okuhle kakhulu kwe-spherical aberration ezinhlelweni eziyimilinganiso emaphakathi ye-numerical aperture. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-lens e-cylindrical agxilisa ukukhanya ku-axis eyodwa kuphela, akhiqiza umsebe osafana nomugqa obalulekile ezicelo ezifana nokuskena ibhakhodi, ukuboniswa kwe-laser, kanye ne-light-sheet microscopy, futhi avame ukusetshenziswa kanye ne-powell lens ukukhiqiza imigqa ye-laser ehlanganisiwe enokuhanjiswa okungaguquki kwamandla. Ama-lens e-aspheric, aklanywe ngephrofayili engesiyo eyindilinga, aqeda i-spherical aberrations ngempumelelo kune-spherical lenses, avumela izindawo ezincane zokugxila namandla aphezulu, abalulekile ekucubunguleni okuthuthukisiwe kanye nezinhlelo ze-laser ezinamandla aphezulu.

Ukwakheka kwezinto ze-lens ye-laser kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba i-substrate kufanele idlulise i-wavelength ye-laser ethile ngokunciphisa ukumunca nokuvimbela umonakalo omkhulu. I-fused silica iyinto ekhethwayo kuma-laser we-UV ne-near-IR ngenxa yokuhlanzeka kwayo okuphezulu, ukunwebeka okuncane kwe-thermal, nokudluliswa okuphezulu kusuka ku-185 nm kuye ku-2.5 µm, okuyenza ilungele ama-excimer lasers kanye nezinhlelo ezinamandla ze-YAG. I-zinc selenide (ZnSe) iyizinga lama-CO2 lasers asebenza ku-10.6 µm, enikeza ukudluliswa okuhle kakhulu nokunciphisa ukumunca, futhi i-znse lens isetshenziswa kabanzi emishinini yokusika nokubaza. I-silicon ne-germanium zikhethwa kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-infrared ezinde, njengokubona izithombe ezishisayo nokugxilisa ama-CO2 lasers, ngenxa ye-refractive index yazo ephezulu nokuzinza kwe-thermal. I-calcium fluoride (CaF2) ne-magnesium fluoride (MgF2) zikhethwa kuma-wavelength we-UV ne-VUV lapho ezinye izinto zikhombisa ukumunca okunamandla. Ukuhlanganiswa okulungile kwe-geometry ye-lens nezinto kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu, ukuphila isikhathi eside, nokonga izindleko, futhi abakhiqizi abafana ne-Honray Optic banikeza uhlu olubanzi lwezinto.isibuko se-laserizinketho ukuze kuhlangatshezelwe izidingo ezahlukene zezimboni nezesayensi.

Emkhakheni wezimboni, amalensi e-laser ayisisekelo samathuluzi okucubungula izinto ezisika, ezishisela, ezimaka, futhi ezibaza izinsimbi, amapulasitiki, izinto zobumba, kanye nezinto ezihlanganisiwe ngesivinini esingalingani kanye nokunemba. Umgqomo we-laser ogxilile, ohanjiswa nge-lens ye-laser eqondisa ngokunemba, ungathola osayizi bamachashaza abancane njengama-microns ambalwa, okwenza kube nokwenzeka amaphethini ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nezingxenye eziphakeme kakhulu ezingakwazi ukwenziwa ngamathuluzi omshini. Ekusikeni nge-laser, i-lens ye-plano-convex noma i-meniscus igxilisa umgqomo endaweni yokusebenza, kanti ekushiseleni nge-laser, i-lens enobude obude bokugxila inikeza isikhala esikhulu nesizinzile sokungena okujulile. Izinhlelo zokumaka nge-laser zisebenzisa ukuskena okusekelwe ku-galvanometer nge-lenses ye-f-theta noma izinhlelo ezingashintshi zemigqomo ezine-lenses ezikhaliphayo ukuze kubazwe izinombolo zochungechunge, amabhakhodi, kanye nemidwebo kuyo yonke into kusuka ezingxenyeni zezimoto kuya kumadivayisi ezokwelapha. Ukwethembeka kwalokhu kucubungula kuncike ekubeni i-lens ikwazi ukubekezelela amandla aphezulu, ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nokungcola kwezinhlayiya, yingakho abasebenzisi bezimboni befuna amalensi anama-AR coatings aqinile kanye nezixazululo zokubeka eziqinile.

Ngaphandle kwendawo yokukhiqiza, amalensi elaser adlala indima ebalulekile ezicelo zezokwelapha nezesayensi lapho ukunemba nokuphepha kubaluleke kakhulu. Ku-ophthalmology, amalensi elaser akhethekile asetshenziswa ekuhlinzeni kwe-LASIK ne-cataract ukuguqula i-cornea noma ukuhlakaza ilensi ngokunemba okungaphansi kwe-micron, kunciphisa ukulimala ezicubeni ezizungezile. Odokotela besikhumba basebenzisa amalaser ahlukanisiwe afakwe izinhlelo zamalensi amancane ukuletha izindawo ezilawulwayo ze-microthermal ukuze kuphinde kwenziwe isikhumba nokwelashwa kwezibazi. Emkhakheni wesayensi, amalensi elaser enza izindlela ze-spectroscopy ezifana ne-Raman ne-LIDAR ngokugxilisa imisebe yokuvusa ezintweni noma ukuhlanganisa izimpawu ezibuyayo ukuze kutholwe. Izinhlelo ze-LIDAR, ezisetshenziswa ezimotweni ezizimele nasekuqaphelweni komoya, zincike kumalensi amakhulu avumela ukuhlanganisa nokugxilisa ukudlulisa nokwamukela imisinga ye-laser kude kakhulu ngokuhlukana okuncane. Isicelo ngasinye sidinga inhlanganisela ethile yobude bokugxila, i-numerical aperture, impahla, nokugqoka, futhi abahlinzeki abafana ne-Honray Optic bahlinzekaizibuko ze-opticalyakhelwe ukuhlangabezana nalezi zici eziqinile.

Ukutshala imali kumalensi elaser asezingeni eliphezulu kunikeza izinzuzo ezibonakalayo ezithinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, kanye nezindleko zokusebenza. Inzuzo esheshayo kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yomgqomo — ilensi eligayiwe ngokunemba kunciphisa ukuhlanekezelwa kwe-wavefront kanye ne-spherical aberration, likhiqize indawo yokugxila eqinile, evumelana kakhulu, eyandisa ukuminyana kwamandla kanye nesivinini sokusika. Lokhu kunemba okuphezulu kokugxila kuguqulela emaphethelweni ahlanzekile, ama-kerf amancane, kanye nezindawo ezincishisiwe ezithintekayo ngokushisa, okubaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini ezifana neze-electronics kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemishini yezokwelapha lapho izilinganiso zilinganiswa ngama-microns. Amalensi asezingeni eliphezulu abonisa futhi ukuzinza okungajwayelekile kwe-thermal, egcina ukusebenza kwawo kwe-optical ngisho nalapho echayeke isikhathi eside kumandla elaser aphezulu. Izinto ezifana ne-fused silica ne-ZnSe, lapho kwenziwa ngokuya ngamazinga aqinile, zimelana ne-thermal lensing — ukuhlanekezelwa kwendawo yelensi ngenxa yokushisa okungalingani — kuqinisekisa ukugxila okungaguquguquki ezikhathini ezinde zokukhiqiza futhi kunciphisa isidingo sokulungiswa njalo.

Ukuqina kungenye yezimpawu zamalensi e-laser aphezulu, njengoba avame ukugcotshwa ngamafilimu aqinile, angamelana nomonakalo angabonisi ukukhanya, okuthuthukisa ukudluliswa nokuvikela ezintweni ezingcolisa imvelo. Ukugcotshwa kwe-AR okuqotho kungandisa impilo yelensi izikhathi eziningana uma kuqhathaniswa namanye angagcotshiwe noma agcotshwe kabi, kunciphise izindleko zokuba ngumnikazi nokunciphisa isikhathi sokulinda sokushintsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalensi asezingeni eliphezulu anciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla nokuhlakazeka, okuvumela amandla amaningi okuphuma kwe-laser ukuthi afinyelele endaweni esebenza kuyo, okuthuthukisa isivinini senqubo nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukagesi. Kubakhiqizi abasebenzisa izinhlelo eziningi ze-laser, ukuthuthuka kokusebenza kahle kuyanda kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lapho uthenga amalensi, kuyihlakanipho ukubambisana nomuntu ohlonishwayoumkhiqizi wezibuko ze-opticalnjengoHonray Optic, ehlanganisa izindlela zokukhiqiza ezithuthukisiwe nezinga eliphezulu lokulawula ikhwalithi ukuze ilethe izibuko ezihlala zihlangabezana noma zidlula amazinga emboni.

Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwazo okukhulu, amalensi elaser abhekana nezinselele eziningi zokusebenza ezingadala ukwehla kokusebenza uma zingaxazululwa kahle. Enye yezinkinga ezivame kakhulu yi-thermal lensing, lapho ukumunca amandla elaser kubangela ukufudumala okwenzeka endaweni ethile okushintsha inkomba yokubuyisa kanye nesimo somzimba selensi, okushintsha ngempumelelo ubude bayo bokugxila futhi kubangele ukuhlukumezeka. Lo mkhuba ubucayi kakhulu kumalaser aphezulu amandla e-CW namalaser ashukumayo, okuholela ekushintsheni kokugxila, ukwehla kwekhwalithi yokusika, ngisho nokwehluleka okukhulu kwelensi. Isixazululo sitholakala ngokukhetha izinto zamalensi ezinezilinganiso eziphansi zokumunca, njenge-ZnSe yamalaser e-CO2 noma i-fused silica ezinhlelweni ze-IR ne-UV, kanye nokusebenzisa izendlalelo eziphambili zokuvimbela ukubonisa ezinciphisa ukumunca okuphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokupholisa ezisebenzayo — njengezindawo zokubamba amalensi ezipholiswa ngamanzi noma umoya ongeniswa ngamandla — kungakhipha ukushisa futhi kugcine ukulingana kokushisa ngesikhathi sokusebenza okunamandla.

Esinye isinselele esibalulekile ukukhethwa kwe-coating kumagagasi athile, njengoba i-coating elungiselelwe umugqa owodwa we-laser ingasebenza kabi kwenye, okuholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kokubonisa kanye nokulimala okungenzeka kwe-coating. Ngokwesibonelo, ilensi esetshenziswa ne-1064 nm fiber laser idinga i-AR coating ehlukile kuneleyi esetshenziswa ne-10.6 µm CO2 laser, kanti ama-coating e-broadband kumele aklanywe ngokucophelela ukuze alinganise ukusebenza kumagagasi ahlukahlukene. Imingcele yokulimala, ukuqina kwemvelo, nokumelana nomswakama nokuchayeka kumakhemikhali konke kuyizinto ezithinta ukukhethwa kwe-coating. Ukulungisa nokugcinwa kuletha izithiyo ezengeziwe: ngisho nokungahambi kahle okuncane kwelensi ye-laser kungadala ukuqondisa komgqomo, i-astigmatism, noma ukulahleka kwamandla, kanti ukungcola okuvela othulini, intuthu, noma imfucumfucu kungasakaza ukukhanya futhi kudle amandla, okuholela ekufudumaleni okwendawo kanye nokuwohloka kwe-coating. Ukuhlola njalo, izinqubo zokuhlanza, kanye nemiklamo yokuqinisa izinto ezibambayo kubalulekile, futhi abasebenzisi abaningi baphendukela kuizibuko ze-optical ezenziwe ngendlela efanelekumakhiqizi akhethekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izidingo zawo ezithile zokulethwa kwe-beam zihlangatshezelwa ngokunemba.

Emkhakheni wokusika nge-CO2 laser, ukulungiselelwa okujwayelekile kwezimboni kusebenzisa ilensi ye-znse njengento yokugcina yokugxilisa ngenxa yokudlulisela kwayo okuhle kakhulu ku-10.6 µm kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokushisa. Ngokwesibonelo, umenzi wezingxenye zangaphakathi zezimoto usebenzisa ilensi ye-ZnSe plano-convex enobude obungu-5 inch ukusika amaphaneli e-acrylic ne-polycarbonate ngesivinini esingaphezu kwamamitha angu-20 ngomzuzu, okuphumelela imiphetho engadingi ukupholisha okwesibili. Ilensi, evikelwe i-AR coating eseceleni kabili, igcina ukugxila okuzinzile ngama-shift ayisishiyagalombili naphezu kokuminyana okuphezulu kwamandla, futhi ububanzi obuhlanganisiwe besistimu buqinisekisa ukusebenza okungaguquki kulo lonke insimu yokusika. Lesi simo sibonisa ukuthi ukukhethwa kwezinto kanye nobuchwepheshe be-coating kuqondisa kanjani ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu, okusezingeni eliphezulu endaweni enzima yezimboni.

Ezinhlelweni zokuhlanganisa i-fiber laser, izikrini ezihlanganisiwe noma ezihlanganisiwe zivame ukusetshenziswa ukuze ziphathe ukukhanya okuphezulu kanye namachashaza amancane angokwesimanje ama-laser aqinile. Umkhiqizi webhethri ohlangana namathebhu ethusi ephaketheni lamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi usebenzisa umhlangano wesikrini se-doublet esihlanganisiwe esilungisa kokubili i-spherical ne-chromatic aberrations, sihambisa i-50 µm focal spot enokujula okungajwayelekile kokugxila. Uhlelo lwesikrini, oluhlanganiswe neyunithi ye-collimating laser, luqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okuthembekile, okungenamikhala ngisho nasezingeni eliphezulu lokuphindaphinda, kunciphisa amazinga okukhipha udoti angaphansi kuka-0.5%. Ukucubungula i-UV laser micromachining, izikrini ze-fused silica ziyisinqumo esijwayelekile. Umkhiqizi wamadivayisi we-microfluidic usebenzisa i-355 nm DPSS laser enesikrini se-aspheric fused silica ukuze ashaye izimbobo ezingama-10 µm ububanzi ezindaweni zengilazi ezinama-taper angles angaphansi kwebanga elingu-1 degree. I-low auto-fluorescence yesikrini kanye ne-high UV damage threshold kuvumela ukuhlanzeka, ukuphindeka kwe-ablation ngaphandle kwe-micro-cracking, kufakazela ukuthi ukukhethwa kwesikrini esilungile kubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza zesizukulwane esilandelayo.

Imboni yezikrini zelaser ilungiselelwe ukuthuthuka okukhulu njengoba ubuchwepheshe belaser buqhubeka nokuthuthuka futhi kuvela izindawo ezintsha zokusebenzisa. Enye yezinto ezijabulisa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwezendlalelo ezithuthukisiwe ezinikeza imingcele ephakeme yokulimala, ububanzi obubanzi, nokumelana nemvelo okukhulu. Izendlalelo ze-diamond-like carbon (DLC) namafilimu e-gradient-index (GRIN) ziyahlolwa ukunciphisa ukumunca nokuhlakazeka nakakhulu, okuvumela izikrini ukuthi ziphathe amandla elaser angama-kilowatt amaningi ngaphandle kokudilika. Imiklamo yezikrini eziningi, njengezimbili ezihlukaniswe umoya nezinhlanu ezihlangene, ziyanda ezinhlelweni zamandla aphezulu ngoba zingalungisa iziphambeko eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa ngenkathi zisabalalisa umthwalo wokushisa ezindaweni eziningana. Lezi zinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi zidinga ukubekezelelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kokukhiqiza nokulungiswa, kodwa zihambisa ikhwalithi yomgqomo izikrini ezingekho zodwa ezingakwazi ukuyilinganisa, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezinkulu zokuskena ezinkundleni ezinkulu nokugxilisa i-NA ephezulu.

Ukuhlanganiswa nezinketho zokuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nobuchwepheshe bokufakelwa (AI) kubonisa enye indlela yokuguqula izinto. Izibuko eziguquguqukayo namalensi angashintshwa, alawulwa izinzwa ze-wavefront zesikhathi sangempela nezinqubo ze-AI, zingakwazi ukulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukukhanyisa okushisayo, ukungahambisani, nokuhlanekezelwa okubangelwa umsebenzi, kugcinwe ukugxila okuhle kuyo yonke imikhiqizo. Le ndlela evaliwe ithembisa ukwandisa ukuzinza kwenqubo nokunciphisa ukuchithwa ezinhlelweni ezifana nokubhola nge-laser nokukhiqiza okungeziwe lapho ukungaguquguquki kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula okuqhumayo kokukhiqizwa kwamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi kuthuthukisa isidingo samalensi e-laser angakwazi ukucubungula izinto ezibonakalisa kakhulu njengethusi ne-aluminium ngomonakalo omncane wokubuyela emuva. Amelensi enziwe ngezinto ezikhethekile ezingabonisi ukukhanya kanye nezingxenye zokubumba imisebe, okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zamalensi e-powell zokukhanyisa umugqa ofanayo, ayathuthukiswa ukuze enze ukushisela okusheshayo nokuthembekile kwamalensi ebhethri nokubunjwa kwe-electrode. Njengoba lezi zimo zihlangana, indima yelensi ye-laser izoba namasu kakhudlwana ekunikezeni amandla igagasi elilandelayo lokusha kwezimboni, zezokwelapha, nezokwesayensi.

Ukukhetha ilensi elilungile le-laser kuyisinqumo esinezici eziningi esihlanganisa ukulinganisa ubude obugxile, impahla, ukugqoka, ubujometri, kanye nezindleko ngokumelene nezidingo ezithile zesistimu ye-laser kanye nesicelo esihloselwe. Ukuqonda ngokuphelele ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zamalensi — kusukela ku-plano-convex kuya ku-aspheric kuya ku-cylindrical — zisebenzisana kanjani namagagasi ahlukene e-laser namazinga amandla kubalulekile ukuze kufezeke ikhwalithi ye-beam enhle kakhulu, isivinini sokucubungula, kanye nokuphila kwesistimu. Izinselelo ze-thermal lensing, ukwehla kokugqoka, kanye nokunemba kokulungisa zingaphathwa kahle ngokukhethwa kwezinto ezifanele, ukukhwezwa okuqinile, kanye nezinqubo zokugcinwa njalo, kodwa isisekelo sempumelelo sitholakala ekutholeni amalensi kumkhiqizi onolwazi oluqinisekisiwe kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi okuqinile. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Honray Optic zibonisa izindinganiso ezidingwa yimboni, zinikeza uhla olubanzi lwezingxenye ze-optical ezinembayo ezisekelwa ulwazi olunzulu lobuchwepheshe kanye nensizakalo egxile kumakhasimende.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-laser buqhubeka nokungena kakhulu ekukhiqizeni, ezokunakekelwa kwezempilo, nasezifundweni zesayensi, ukubaluleka kokubambisana nomkhiqizi wezibuko ze-optical othembekileumkhiqizi wezibuko ze-opticalakukwazi ukugcizelelwa ngokweqile. Noma ngabe udinga ilensi ejwayelekile ye-znse yokusika i-CO2, i-fused silica asphere yokwenza imishini ye-UV, noma i-collimating laser assembly eyenziwe ngokwezifiso yohlelo olukhethekile lwe-LIDAR, ukusebenza nomphakeli onikeza ukwesekwa komklamo, ukukhiqizwa okusheshayo, kanye nekhwalithi engaguquki kuyisihluthulelo sokuhlala uqhudelana. Sikhuthaza ukuthi uhlole ikhathalogi yemikhiqizo kanye nezinsiza zobuchwepheshe ezitholakala kwa-Honray Optic ukuze uthole ilensi ye-laser efanele uhlelo lwakho, futhi uxhumane nathi nganoma yimiphi imibuzo mayelana nezidingo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso noma ubuchwepheshe obusakhula. Ikusasa le-photonics likhanyile, futhi ilensi ye-laser efanele izokusiza ukuthi usebenzise amandla ayo aphelele.